Essay on Narrator and Point of View in Yellow Wallpaper...

Narrator and Point of View in The Yellow Wallpaper and The Story of an Hour Both Gilmans and Chopins stories are, in effect, stories of women who feel trapped by the men in their lives. Gilman uses first person narration to reveal a womans creeping loss of reality to her readers, while Chopin allows us to experience the joy Louise Mallard felt upon hearing of her husbands death through third person narration. Interestingly, neither story would have been able to reveal either womans psyche to impact the reader as successfully as both did had their individual narrations been attempted through another form. In The Yellow Wallpaper, Gilmans point of view is expressed through first person narration, which provides her†¦show more content†¦Her descriptions and obsessions with the wallpaper as viewed from her perspective, truly draw readers into her downward spiral to ultimate insanity. Readers follow her in her mind from a nervous condition through her mild subsequent pleadings for alternative treatment to eventually creeping through the wallpaper with her--experiences which readers grasp within a powerful narration indeed. Through her, and only her is precisely how readers clearly knew how she felt at the end when she says, Ive got out at last in spite of you and Jane. And Ive pulled off most of the paper, so you cant put me back! (330). Husband John fainted, he had no idea she had gone that far, but readers did. Similarly, Chopins The Story of an Hour also draws readers into the emotions revealed within Louise Mallards mind when her husband appears to have been killed. Chopin also succeeds powerfully but accomplishes this through the third person narration of this one character [with Louise as the center of awareness]. With third person narration in this story, one is provided a bystander perspective concerning other characters treatment of her and the entire situation/scene set-up in the exposition of the story. The narrator assures us that . . . great care was taken to break to her as gently as possible the news of her husbands death (177). This type of narration brings both a sense ofShow MoreRelated`` The Yellow Wallpaper `` By Charlotte Perkins Gilman And The Story Of The Hour917 Words   |  4 Pagescreate a theme in a short story. Most of the factors are the elements of fiction, which include plot, setting, characters, symbolism, conflict, and point of view. The two stories that will be compared in this essay are â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and â€Å"The Story of the Hour† by Kate Chopin. The elements that especially contribute to creating a theme for these short stories are the characters, point of view, and plot. The characters of both stories play a main role in moldingRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper: A Look Into Post-Partum Depression1061 Words   |  5 PagesCharlotte Perkins Gilman’s story, The Yellow Wallpaper, portrays the life and mind of a woman suffering from post-partum depression in the late eighteenth century. Gilman uses setting to strengthen the impact of her story by allowing the distant country mansion symbolize the loneliness of her narrator, Jane. Gilman also uses flat characters to enhance the depth of Jane’s thoughts; however, Gilman’s use of narrative technique impacts her story the most. In The Yellow Wallpaper, Charlotte Perkins GilmanRead More Male View of Hysteria Presented in The Yellow Wallpaper3352 Words   |  14 PagesMale View of Hysteria Presented in The Yellow Wallpaper      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Charlotte Perkins Gilmans short story The Yellow Wallpaper has been viewed as either a work of supernatural horror or as a feminist treatise regarding the role of women in society. A close analysis of Gilmans use of symbols reveals The Yellow Wallpaper as her response to the male view of hysteria from ancient times through the nineteenth century. In The Yellow Wallpaper Gilman questions the validity of HippocratessRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1667 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a semi- autobiography by author Charlotte Perkins Gilman who wrote it after going through a severe postpartum depression. Gilman became involved in feminist activities and her writing made her a major figure in the women s movement. Books such as â€Å"Women and Economics,† written in 1898, are proof of her importance as a feminist. Here she states that women who learn to be economically independent can then create equ ality between men and women. She wrote other books such asRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Gilman964 Words   |  4 Pagesresearch essay on a very interesting story and a presentation with a wonderful group of classmates. The research paper assignment was challenging like any other research essay, however I did learn from this experience. Reading scholarly articles was not easy at all. They were long and had many words I did not understand; it was actually the first time I had ever read scholarly articles. I choose the story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Gilman. The Yellow Wallpaper was a good story to write aboutRead Moreâ€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†: A Comparison Introduction2266 Words   |  10 Pages â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†: A Comparison Introduction Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† has received wide praise for its accurate depiction of madness and the symptoms attributed to mental breakdowns (Shumaker 1985).  Ã‚   While these symptoms may seem obvious from today’s psychological perspective, Gilman was writing at the close of the 19th century when the discipline of psychology was still emerging out of a rudimentary psychiatric approach to treatingRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper: a Stifling Relationship1609 Words   |  7 PagesHusband-Doctor: A Stifling Relationship In Gilmans the Yellow Wallpaper At the beginning of The Yellow Wallpaper, the protagonist, Jane, has just given birth to a baby boy. Although for most mothers a newborn infant is a joyous time, for others, like Jane, it becomes a trying emotional period that is now popularly understood to be the common disorder, postpartum depression. For example, Jane describes herself as feeling a lack of strength (Colm, 3) and as becoming dreadfully fretful andRead More The Yellow Wallpaper: A Stifling Relationship1551 Words   |  7 Pages Husband-Doctor: A Stifling Relationship In Gilman’s â€Å"the Yellow Wallpaper† At the beginning of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, the protagonist, Jane, has just given birth to a baby boy. Although for most mothers a newborn infant is a joyous time, for others, like Jane, it becomes a trying emotional period that is now popularly understood to be the common disorder, postpartum depression. For example, Jane describes herself as feeling a â€Å"lack of strength† (Colm, 3) and as becoming â€Å"dreadfully fretful andRead More Theme of Isolation in Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper, Steinbeck’s The Chrysanthemums and Chopin’s The Awakening1619 Words   |  7 PagesDespite differing story lines, Charlotte Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper, John Steinbeck’s The Chrysanthemums and Kate Chopin’s The Awakening, depict the same suffering; the isolation that women have been forced to endure throughout history. In the time period that all three characters were placed, it was culturally acceptable for wives to be dominated by their husbands; their responsibility revolving around the needs of their children and those of their spouse. Most women simply did not have a meansRead MoreFeminism During 19th Century American Short Stories4097 Words   |  17 PagesKaylee Gould Ms. Henderson 3rd period Feminism in Late 19th Century American Short Stories Research Question: How is feminism revealed through the divergence of women’s roles in society and their own personal desires in the American short stories â€Å"The Yellow Wall-Paper,† â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† â€Å"The Storm,† and â€Å"Life in the Iron Mills†? Introduction Literature changes as current events change and as the structure of society begins to shift. American feminist literature started to become prevalent

Accounting Test Questions - 1217 Words

ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS: - Project #3 is due on Friday, April 18 at 4PM in 340 Wohlers. - Office hours on Thursday at 3:30 in 170 Wohlers. TODAY: †¢ Chapter 12 (CF Estimation) †¢ Web Appendix 12B (Replacement) †¢ Web Appendix 12F (Unequal Lives) PROBLEM 3 (Chapter 12) Kennedy Air Services is now in the final year of a project. The equipment originally cost $20 million, of which 80 percent has been depreciated. Kennedy can sell the used equipment today for $5 million, and its tax rate is 40 percent. What is the equipment’s after tax net salvage value. Book Value (BV) = (1 – 0.8) x $20 = $4 million Market Value (MV) = $5 million Additional Taxable Income = MV – BV = $1 million Additional Taxes = 0.4 x $1 = $0.4 million After†¦show more content†¦CF1 = ($50,000)(0.65) + ($40,500)(0.35) = $32,500 + $14,175 = $46,675. CF2 = ($50,000)(0.65) + ($58,500)(0.35) = $32,500 + $20,475 = $52,975. CF3 = ($50,000)(0.65) + ($13,500)(0.35) = $32,500 + $4,725= $37,225. CF4 = ($50,000)(0.65) + ($1,500)(0.35) = $32,500 + $525= $33,025. CF5 = ($50,000)(0.65) + (-$9,000)(0.35) = $32,500 - $3,150= $29,350. 5 c. What incremental terminal cash flow will occur at the end of Year 5 if the new machine is purchased? After-tax salvage value on new machine $ 0 After-tax salvage value on old machine (opportunity cost) (6,500) Terminal CF ($6,500) d. What is the NPV of this project? Should Erley replace the old machine? Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 Total CF -$98,500 $46,675 $52,975 $37,225 $33,025 $29,350+(-$6,500) = $22.850 6 PROBLEM 2 (Web App. 12F) Cotner Clothes Inc. is considering the replacement of its old, fully depreciated knitting machine. Two new models are available: (a) Machine190-3, which has a cost of $190,000, a 3-year expected life, and after-tax cash flows (labor savings and depreciation) of $87,000 per year; and (b) Machine 360-6, which has a cost of $360,000, a 6-year life, and aftertax cash flows of $98,300 per year. Assume both projects can be repeated. Knitting machine prices are not expected to rise because inflation will be offset by cheaperShow MoreRelatedAccounting Test Questions3498 Words   |  14 PagesQuestion 1 a) On January 1, 2011 the Batista Company budget committee has reached agreement on the following data for the 6 months ending June 30, 2011: Sales units: 1st quarter – 5 000 2nd quarter – 6 000 3rd quarter – 7 000 Ending raw materials inventory – 50% of the next quarter s production requirements. Ending finished goods inventory – 30% of the next quarter s expected sales units. 3rd quarter actual production – 7 250 units Three pounds of raw materialsRead MoreAccounting Test with Multiple Choice Questions1889 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿BA 213 - Test#1 Review Instructor: Usha Ramanujam Dear Students, I have indicated answers to the test review questions in BOLD. You can highlight the entire review and remove the bold feature before you start working on these questions and then verify the answers. Also, detailed solutions are given for q.38 and q.40 /Usha 1.  Thread used in the production of mattresses, an indirect material, is classified as manufacturing overhead.  TRUE/ False 2. Prime cost andRead MoreEssay on assignment 1 acct theory629 Words   |  3 PagesQuestion 1 (25 marks) Several accounting standards include ceiling tests (also called impairment tests). Required: a. What is a ceiling test? Identify two IASB accounting standards that contain a ceiling test and describe the test. (7 marks) The ceiling test is an accounting standard that stipulates that capital assets such as property, plant and equipment must be written down if their net carrying value exceeds the net recoverable amount. This is to prevent overvaluation of capital assetsRead MoreA Contemporary Analysis Of Accounting Professionals Work Life Balance1741 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper is aimed at evaluating the validity and reliability of the research paper titled â€Å"A Contemporary Analysis of Accounting Professionals’ Work-Life Balance† by Buchheit, Dalton, Harp and Hollingsworth, published in the Accounting Horizons Journal in March 2016 in its first issue of volume 30. The research paper endeavoured to provide answers for two main research questions that were aimed at scrutinising the difference between 1. auditors and tax professionals in terms of their work-life conflictRead MoreProposed Changes Of The Cpa Exam1100 Words   |  5 PagesPROPOSED CHANGES IN THE CPA EXAM Introduction In order to adapt to the changing needs of professionals in the accounting industry and maintain the relevance of current accounting skills, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) has made the decision to remake the CPA exam. During the January 2014 to September 1, 2015 timeframe, the AICPA used a number of focus groups, which included supervisors of newly-licensed CPAs, practicing CPAs, and boards of accountancy members. TheseRead MoreCBU Syllabus 2015 MBAC 51031353 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Introduction to Accounting: MBAC 5103 Instructor Information Professor: Derrick Hayes Winter 2015 Office: SB217 Tues Thurs: 1:00 – 2:15 pm Email: derrick_hayes@cbu.ca Phone: 563-1312 Course Website (URL): Textbooks and Readings Required Text: Hayes, Derrick, Introduction to Accounting, Primus, McGraw Hill Prerequisites: NONE CourseRead MoreAcc 403 Week 8 Assignment 21144 Words   |  5 Pagesfollow when conducting an external audit. External public accounting firms conduct external audits to ensure outside stakeholders that the company’s financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) or International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) standards. Use the Internet to select a public accounting company that appeals to you. Imagine that you are a senior partner in a public accounting firm hired to complete an audit for the chosen publicRead MoreSample Resume : Business Administration1067 Words   |  5 PagesThis project is focus in helping accounting students to recognize what is best if pursue a master’s degree in business administration immediately after the undergraduate degree or after gaining some years of jobs experience. It is going to compare the different graduate programs related with the accounting field, specially the master in business administration with focus in accounting and the master in accountancy degree. This project should answer any questions of business students regarding toRead MoreMaking A Certified Public Accountant Essay1529 Words   |  7 Pagessome students. This report is based around accounting and what it has to offer. Accountants have many different jobs that they can do. Information to become a Certified Public Accountant will be given in this report. The process through college to get a degree in accounting can be a little overwhelming due to the variety of jobs accounting has to offer. Accounting majors have many directions they can chose, such as working for a public or private accounting firm, focusing on auditing or taking thatRead MoreSelf Reflection : A Teacher1650 Words   |  7 Pagesteacher is able to promote risk-taking, increase higher-order thinking skills, and enhance creativity in all content areas (Guillat, 2008). TWS Assessments: Pre- and Post Tests The quantitative aspect of this study is the pre-and post assessments implemented during the unit of instruction. The TWS typically uses a pre-and post test model to analyze and compare assessment information (Phillips Marston 2008). The TWS uses a single group for testing. In the case of this study, the group is a high-school

Yulin Dog Meat Festival-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Choose one news item that is of your Interest and has Ethical Issues concerning any entity Offer your own judgement, analysis and recommendation of the case. Answer: Introduction The dog meat festival commonly known as the Yulin Dog Meat Festival is held in Yulin, Guangxi, China. The festival took place during summer solstice where festival visitors eat dog meat. The festival originally began in 2009 and run for an estimated tenure of 10 days. Around 10,000 15,000 dogs are consumed during the festival. The festival is criticized by much animal welfare organizations and the animal supporter group (Worley 2016). Background The dog meat festival began over 400 years ago in China. People participating in the festival believe that the dog meat helps in relieving with the heat in summer months. There is no medical evidence in the support of the logic behind the festival. The number of dog consumed in the festival has gone up in 2015 bringing attention of people around the world over it. The dogs are paraded in wooden crates and metal cages for the purpose of consumption by the local visitors (Koetse 2016). While slaughtering dogs is common in China, the festival is a representative of cruelty and lack of hygiene. Some of the pets slaughtered are either stolen or the one who are unwell. The animals are sent to the festival in a small cage without proper food and water. The slaughtering takes place in front of the live animals. Psychologically the animals watching the slaughtering in front of them create a high amount of fear. Scope Unethical practices are the action that falls outside the purview of the moral activity. For the purpose of gain, an individual can act unethically at any front. To understand the concept of ethical issues the dog meat festival is taken and examined from the ethical point of view. Ethical Issue Thousand of dogs are butchered for human consumption every year and forced to travel long distances. The dogs are kept in small cages and wait for their fate. They watch the other dogs being butchered right in front of them. There are some reports that some of the dogs are beaten and burnt alive. The worldwide media coverage is increasing the concern around the world and bringing the attention of worldwide welfare organization in order to bring a positive change (Ethic Center 2016). There are sad stories from the festival have created a worldwide news bringing attention to the issue. People in China are following the ritual only due to the age old ceremony that dates back to around 500 years. The Westerners frequently act in response to the outrage of eating man's best friend. According to Chinese tradition, consumption of dog meat is supposed to ward off the heat of summer. This belief in an age old custom is an ethical issue where the whole world is moving towards transformation. S elling dog meat in China is legal in mainland China. This festival is a way to make money in the poor region Of China. The reason behind condemnation of this festival is due to the cruel treatment of the animal. The dogs are paraded in wooden crates and metal cages for the purpose of consumption by the local visitors. Video and photographs shows the sad story behind the small cage. Critics have claimed that most of the dogs are stolen and cooked alive (Piazza 2015). Moreover there are certain health concerns regarding the animal cruelty and has raised concern about the meat sold at the festival. The dogs are transported in a poor condition with cruelty, Though Chinas food and safety organization has banned selling meat in such a condition. But the situation is still same; a large number of unvaccined dogs are sold without any proper care. In 2008, WHO has raised issues in order to create awareness among people? The Humane Society International called Yulin as a "festival of cruelty" and articulates that the majority Chinese citizens would despise what take place in the local area (Henderson 2016). In 2015 Expert like Peter Li went surreptitiously at Yulin in May and witnessed arrangements for the festival in full sway. Mass dog slaughter is still a part of Chinese ritual and taking place at Yulin in spite of the local system. There are efforts by the social activists to end the practice in future. The Yulin government has affirmed the 'festival' will not happen in future (Baggini 2015). This is mere semantic and thousands of dogs will die in future for meat in the name of ritual. There is no medical evidence in the support of the logic behind the festival. The ethical issues have created a fury in the global history for the reason that the cruelty against animals should not be supported at any cost. Many activists have raised their voice against the festival on the social media asking localities to boycott it. The global concern pertaining to the festival has raised the matter (Petkar 2017). What do Chinese Thinks about the festival There is a cultural difference in attitude of people in the West and China. The animals are not seen with the same affection in China. Some people accuse westerners approach as hypocrite as the county has a long history of industrial meat trade killing million of animals every year (Smith 2016). Animal supporter group argue that China should make progress with the time and should prevent cruelty against animals. Chinese celebrity such as pop stars Chen Kun and Yang Mi has protested the festival on the social media. Since then opinion is turning against the festival and local government has disassociated since 2014 forbidding its employees to attend the local festival (Linshi 2016). Many activists have raised their voice against the festival on the social media asking localities to boycott it. In the recent time the meat restaurants are asked to shift the large scale open air meat consumption inside. The dogs eaten at the festival are burnt or boiled alive and there are reports that dogs are clubbed or beaten to death. It is done due to the belief that this increases the adrenalin circulation in the dog adding more flavors. In the 2015 festival there were long queue outside large restaurant selling the dog meat for around 4 (5.60) per kilogram (Sudworth 2014). The animal righ t NGO Best Volunteer Centre asserts that the city has more than 100 slaughterhouses. These places are processing between 30 and 100 dogs a day. The Yulin Centre for Animal Disease Control and Prevention argues that the city has only eight dog slaughterhouses selling 200 dogs approximately. This amount increases to 2,000 dogs throughout the Yulin festival (Plant based news 2017). Aftermath Due to the continuous efforts of the activists around the world Yulin the home of the notorious Yulin Festival has banned the slaughter of dogs. Millions of dogs are stolen from homes and are driven thousands of miles transversely in China. They are being slaughtered in front of each other for meat. The cruelty has recently been banned due to the efforts of new party secretary Mo Gong Ming (Hong 2017) The ban will take place with effect from June 15 and will last until June 22. This will cover the core festival days when 10,000 of dogs are killed. Anyone selling the dogs in these days will be strictly punished with fines of up to 100,000 Yuan 11,200. Despondently the ban includes dogs, but it has elevated hopes amongst animal rights activists. In 2016, there were reports that the activists and dog lovers across the world were moved by the heartbreaking images of dogs and cats trapped in cage in the name of age old ritual (Pettier 2016). There are continuous practice around the world where activists around the world travelling hundreds of miles across the country to try and rescue some of the dogs. Even the ban is temporary but this short time-period ban will have a long term effect. This will surely lead to the disintegration of the dog meat trade. The ban is constant by means of knowledge that Yulin and the rest of the country will be changing for better. The younger generation in Yulin is becoming empathetic and do understand the concern related with the issue. This measure is considered as a big nail in the coffin for a horrible occasion in China. This has symbolized an end the Chinas crime-fuelled dog meat trade. In the last year the Yulin festival has gained remarkable attention in news. This has however allowed created awareness among people (Guo 2015). Unfortunately, it will take some time for the country to ban the festival completely. Many dogs and cats will still be killed in the name of the festival. However, this is surely a landmark conquest and in coming few days we expect that the authorities will take strict actions against those who participate in the activity. It is only due to the consistent determination of the activists that the dog slaughtering in Yulin this year has reduced to 2,000 to 3,000. More efforts are required in the field so as to reduce the condition (Dervin and Machart 2017). There is worldwide awareness campaign to create awareness and to support the concern by banning the killing of dogs in the name of the festival. Different social activist organizations have asked public to sign a petition in order to seek support. This has however helped in creating local government awareness. It is due to the effort that the ban has taken place with effect from June 15 and will last until June 22. This will cover the core festival days when 10,000 of dogs are killed (Milburn 2016). Despite of all these changes in the surroundings the new generation of Chinese animal lovers more and more observes dogs as friend. People across the world have horrified at what happens at Yulin and have came together in order to raise their voice in order to create a difference. It is very bad that The Yulin Dog Meat Festival will carry on taking place in spite of the current action (Li 2016). It is up to people that they should come jointly as one voice to let local Yulin government to know that the international society is up roaring deafeningly "STOP YULIN" forever! The reason behind condemnation of this festival is due to the cruel treatment of the animal. The ethical issues related to the festival need to be given importance by creating more and more awareness. Many dog lovers around the world have come together and from around the world to call on the Chinese government to discontinue the cruel activity carried every year. The Chinas Foreign Ministry spokesperson Hua Chunying lately explained that the Yulin government has nothing to do with the festival (Hong 2017). The event is locally carried by the people from June 21st every year. The question here is regarding the ethic as well as the legal status of the festival. Selling dog meat in China is legal in mainland China. This festival is a way to make money in the poor region Of China. The reason behind condemnation of this festival is due to the cruel treatment of the animal. There is no law in China that bans the eating of dogs. This proposes that the disagreement over the Yulin occurrence is solely moral and not legal. The reason behind the concern is only due to the campaign followed by the dog lovers around the world. The country does not have any legal dog farms, nor does it have any legal dog slaughter houses (Senarath 2015). Hence it is unclear from where does the Yulin festival dogs come from. There is a big question regarding the status. There is still a necessity to probe into the matter by generating awareness among the people and the local authority. The festival is completely fatal on every ground, not only for the people but for the community. It puts a big question on the local authorities and generates a necessity of moral policing in order to reduce the amount of damage caused (Dervin and Machart 2017). Recommendations Though, the local government has banned the festival in the year 2017 and has taken strict measures to reduce the overall impact caused due to the festival. There is a necessity to take strict measures not only at the government level but by the people in order to reduce the amount of damage. Cruelty at Yulin is the result of the inadequate animal law. There is a necessity to develop a concrete law in order to avoid Yulin festival. There is a necessity to create awareness by tracking responsibility. It is more important in the current scenario that the government authority should take action against such activities taking place in the surrounding. Most of the citizen in China needs to support the change by joining hand. There is a necessity to work at the grassroots level by reporting such incidence to local authority. Animal cruelty is prevalent in China and there is a necessity to educate people in a healthy way so that they can get understand the value of environment. Ethical and social awareness is important in the current scenario. The current situation can only be controlled if people support the measure in an effective way. It is important to educate the next generation so that they condemn such activities. The amount of torture these animals faces is beyond ones imagination. The festival is banned due to the effort that the ban has taken place with effect from June 15 and will last until June 22. But it is important to keep a check so that these activities are banned permanently from the surroundings. The key responsibility is to manage the evil in the society I the name of ritual. This has bec9me important in the recent time and will help in setting example for the rest of the world. Conclusion To conclude, the report includes the idea behind the unethical activity taking place in China- The Yulin festival. The idea behind the foundation whether the festival is related to the cultural relativism is being discussed. The idea with the intention of ethical viewpoint is related to the culture and there is no universal ethical system. Ethical viewpoint are different in every country but it is of great importance that such incidence in surrounding need to be highlighted. The ethical beliefs and principles are indivisible from the culture they come. The report focus on the ethical and moral issues related to the festival and brings the attention of people around the world to the gruesome reality. The worldwide media coverage is increasing the concern around the world and bringing the attention of worldwide welfare organization in order to bring a positive change. There is a necessity to incorporate changes for the betterment of the society. Reference List Baggini,J.2015. Is it OK to eat dogs?. Online. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jun/22/eat-cats-dogs-meat-china Accessed on: 13 June 2017 Dervin, F. and Machart, R. eds., 2017.Intercultural Communication with China: Beyond (Reverse) Essentialism and Culturalism?. Springer. Dervin, F. and Machart, R. eds., 2017.Intercultural Communication with China: Beyond (Reverse) Essentialism and Culturalism?. Springer. Ethic Center. 2016. Yulin dog meat festival: when can we criticize different cultures? Online. Available at: https://www.ethics.org.au/on-ethics/blog/june-2016/yulin-dog-festival Accessed on: 13 June 2017 Guo, L., 2015.An emerging social movement in China: frames and activists in dog-rescue actions(Doctoral dissertation, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University). Henderson, E.2016. Yulin Dog Meat Festival 2016: 10,000 dogs to be killed and eaten at China's annual food event. Online. Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/yulin-dog-meat-festival-2016-10000-dogs-set-to-be-killed-and-eaten-at-chinese-food-event-a7093321.html Accessed on: 13 June 2017 Hong, C., 2017. The Plight of Dogs in the Country-City Gap: Reading Chinese Dog Narratives across Genres.Concentric: Literary and Cultural Studies,43(1), pp.97-117. Hong, C., 2017. The Plight of Dogs in the Country-City Gap: Reading Chinese Dog Narratives across Genres.Concentric: Literary and Cultural Studies,43(1), pp.97-117. Koetse, M. 2016. Tradition or Abuse? Chinese Views on the Yulin Dog Meat Festival. Online. Available at: https://www.whatsonweibo.com/tradition-abuse-chinese-views-yulin-dog-meat-festival/ Accessed on: 13 June 2017 Li, P.J., 2016. Inside Yulin Dog Meat Festival: The Silence of Dogs Awaiting Slaughter is Thundering. Linshi,J.2016. 6 Things You Need to Know About China's Dog-Eating Yulin Festival. Online. Available at: https://time.com/2891222/yullin-festival-dog-meat-china/ Accessed on: 13 June 2017 Milburn, J., 2016. The animal lovers paradox? On the ethics of pet food. Petkar,S.2017. Dog meat sales BANNED at Chinas Yulin festival in effort to end mass canine slaughter. Online. Available at: https://www.express.co.uk/news/nature/805861/china-yulin-dog-meat-festival-dog-meat-sales-banned-canine-slaughter Accessed on: 13 June 2017 Pettier, J.B., 2016. Who is the Weak?. Piazza, J.2015. Why are we outraged about eating dog, but not bacon? Online. Available at: https://theconversation.com/why-are-we-outraged-about-eating-dog-but-not-bacon-43796 Accessed on: 13 June 2017 Plant based news, 2017. Dog Meat Sales Banned at Chinas Yulin festival in Milestone Victory to End Brutal Mass Slaughter of Dogs. Online. Available at: https://www.plantbasednews.org/post/breaking-dog-meat-sales-banned-at-chinas-yulin-festival-in-milestone-victory-to-end-brutal-mass-slaughter-of-dogs Accessed on: 13 June 2017 Senarath, S.M., 2015, October. Chinese Foods as a Brand Image: A Socio-communication Study of the Country Image of Chinese Foods among Urban Communities in Sri Lanka. InConference on Chinese Food Culture(p. 393). Smith, S.2016. Yulin Dog Meat Festival Proceeds Despite Outcry. Online. Available at: https://www.care2.com/causes/yulin-dog-meat-festival-proceeds-despite-outcry.html Accessed on: 13 June 2017 Sudworth,J.2014. Chinese dog-meat dilemma: to eat or not to eat? Online. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-china-blog-27952543 Accessed on: 13 June 2017 Worley,W. 2016. Yulin Dog Meat Festival 2016: 11 million sign petition against annual event that slaughters thousands of animals. Online. Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/yulin-dog-meat-festival-ban-petition-11-million-sign-slaughters-thousands-animals-china-a7081521.html Accessed on: 13 June 2017

What are Cultural Differences in Management

Introduction Cultural differences in management are examined by business administrators, psychologists, and even anthropologists. This report is aimed at examining several questions that are related to this topic. In particular, it is necessary to provide a definition of cross-cultural management. Furthermore, one should provide examples that can illustrate the cultural peculiarities of management.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on What are Cultural Differences in Management? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, one should focus on such aspects as the behavior of employees, leadership style, and interactions between people who represent various levels of the workplace hierarchy. Much attention should be paid to the strategies that can help managers to work in a multicultural environment. Overall, business administrators should remember about cultural differences in people’s values, worldviews, or attitudes toward work, risk, achievement and so forth. This knowledge can be derived from various psychological studies. Yet, they should remember that conventional classifications of cultures are not always relevant because individual and cultural values are not necessarily similar. The origins and definition of cultural management The importance of cultural peculiarities began to attract the attention of managers at the time when many American and European companies moved to developing countries. Business administrators understood that many of the conventional techniques could be applied to different business cultures. For example, one can speak about the challenges that American businesses faced in India (Gopalan Stahl 1998, p. 30). These problems gave rise to the development of such a discipline as cross-cultural management. This notion can be defined as the method which enables the management to incorporate the representatives of different cultures in the organization (Thomas 2008). Moreover, this discipline helps managers make sure that cultural differences do not impair the performance of a business. Cultural differences in management Initially, the researchers attempted to construct a model of universal values that can appeal to people who can represent various cultures (Schwartz 1994). For example, Shalom Schwartz (1994) introduces such a model which is based on the empirical findings.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, some authors advocate the idea of creating a global culture in which employees, who have various ethnic or national backgrounds, are accustomed to working with one another (Levy, Taylor, Boyacigiller 2010). Furthermore, researchers speak about the need to maintain the corporate culture which enabled an organization to achieve success (Levy, Taylor, Boyacigiller 2010). The main limitation of this approach is that it d oes not help managers predict the potential difficulties related to cultural differences. This is why modern researchers attempt to construct an alternative approach to this issue. Overall, scholars believe that it is necessary to distinguish various elements of culture, namely values, rituals, or symbols (Kandola 2008, p. 37). These are the main aspects that researchers focus on. In turn, business administrators should understand how these differences in values or attitudes manifest themselves in the workplace (Jackson 2011). The explanations of cultural differences in management closely are based on the model developed by Geert Hofstede (1993). This model implies that there are certain dimensions which characterize a culture. For instance, one can mention uncertainty avoidance, power distance, individualism, or masculinity (Hofstede 1993). In turn, they shape cultural differences in management. For example, in Western companies, managers and employees are more likely to accept ris ks; yet, this behavior is not always displayed by people working in Chinese companies (Hofstede, 1993, p. 90). This issue should be taken into account by people working in companies in which different cultures are represented. For instance, they should remember that some of their initiatives may not be readily supported by their colleagues, but it does not mean that these initiatives are flawed (Hofstede, 1993, p. 90). Moreover, one can speak about power distance. For example, in the United Kingdom, people, who represent various levels in the workplace hierarch, are more likely to treat one another as equals. In contrast, in South Korea, executives and subordinates are more likely to recognize the differences in their position or status. Thus, business administrators should consider these differences in order to avoid such pitfalls as rudeness. Overall, Hofstede’s theory is based on empirical observations, but in the course of several decades, this approach has been modified several times.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on What are Cultural Differences in Management? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are many empirical studies that are aimed at examining the impact of cultural dimensions of management. For instance, business administrators, who come from Western countries, should know that risk-taking in Asian organizations is not always tolerated (Kreiser, Marino, Dickson 2010, p. 978). These studies incorporate the data collected in different business environments. Therefore, managers, who come from American or European companies, should not expect that their subordinates will be willing to take independent steps (Kreiser, Marino, Dickson 2010). This is why these distinctions should not be overlooked. Moreover, managers should take into account that people, who represent different cultures, have different humor styles (Kalliny, Cruthirds, Minor 2006). In many cases, manager s rely on jokes to motivate employees. Yet, some of the jokes can be misunderstood; furthermore, they can be offensive. Additionally, much attention should be paid to leadership qualities. William Judge (2001) believes that leadership strategies differ dramatically across cultures. The comparison of American and Taiwanese CEOs indicates that these professionals have different attitudes toward their professional and personal lives. For example, American CEOs attach importance to achievement and self-of respect, while their Taiwanese counterparts attach more importance to equality, wisdom, and pleasure (Judge 2001, p. 69). This comparison is derived from self-reports of corporate executives. Thus, managers and employees should bear in mind that these executives can set different expectations for their subordinates. Moreover, it is important to remember about the differences in communication styles. In Western business cultures, people are willing to start the most problematic issues a s soon as possible (‘Indirect communication’, 2001). Such behavior can be observed among many managers and employees. In contrast, in China and other Asian countries, one should first start with an indirect question and then proceed to specific tasks (‘Indirect communication’, 2001). Therefore, managers should change the way in which they interact with their colleagues or subordinates.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nevertheless, such studies are primarily based on the experiences of separate business administrators, but such arguments should not be generalized. This is one of the limitations that should be overlooked because it can diminish the validity of research. Apart from that, managers should take into account that employees from various countries respond to stressors in different ways (Dbaibo Harb 2010, p. 19). For example, Lebanese employees are not likely to experience stress if they see that their values do not coincide with the values of their co-workers (Dbaibo Harb 2010). In turn, managers should try to emulate the behavior of these people. For instance, they should attach importance to communication style and etiquette. This is one of the suggestions that can be of some use to managers. While discussing the cultural differences in management, researchers focus on various aspects. For example, Joyce Osland and Allan Bird focus on the need to re-evaluate the validity of cultural stereotyping (2000, p. 65). In particular, these researchers critique the validity of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and provide examples contradict this theory. For instance, they mention that Japanese managers can take risky decisions, even despite their alleged uncertainty avoidance (Osland Bird 2000, p. 65). Thus, one should pay more attention to the context in which a specific behavior is displayed. One should not suppose that individuals always follow cultural patterns of behavior. Although the scholars do not conduct an empirical study, they provide many valuable observations regarding cross-cultural differences and stereotypes. Moreover, business administrators should keep in mind that cultures are not homogeneous (McSweeney 2002, p. 113). The behavior of employees strongly depends on their age or gender (McSweeney 2002, p. 113). Therefore, one should not suppose that conventional classifications of different business cultures are always accurate. Admittedly, there i s a significant overlap between personal and cultural values (Fischer Poortinga 2012, p. 167). Yet, one should not forget that cultures can evolve with time passing. This is one of the main issues that can be distinguished since it is critical for avoiding various pitfalls such as stereotyping. Discussion Overall, each of the articles can throw light on the peculiarities of cultural differences in management. It is possible to identify three approaches. One of them is premised on the idea that a management can create a universal business culture that can be shared by every employee. The second framework implies that there are cultural dimensions which can be accurately measured. Thus, it is possible to predict the behavior of people and minimize the risk of misunderstanding. In turn, many authors suggest that cultural and personal values may not be similar. Such researchers do not overlook the findings of anthropologists or psychologists who show that there are certain values or at titudes which are typical of a certain culture. However, they almost set stress on such variables as age, sex, or linguistic competence of employees. They advocate such policies as on-site cultural training of expatriates, critical evaluation of stereotypes about various countries, or the use of empirical studies related to various business cultures (Osland Bird 2000). Moreover, managers should reflect on the impact of context on the behavior of a person. This approach can help a business to develop the most effective approaches to cross-cultural management. Conclusion Overall, the examples discussed in this paper shows that the work of managers is strongly shaped by cultural environment of a country. These differences can be explained to people’s attitudes toward risk, power distance, uncertainty, and other factors. Moreover, managers should pay attention to people’s perception of stress and the things that motivate them. Yet, they should also remember that cultures are not static, and individual behavior may not be consistent with the dominant stereotypes about a culture. Such stereotypes can also be dangerous because they can prevent managers from understanding the behavior of employees. These are the main issues that should be taken into account. References Dbaibo, D Harb, C 2010, ‘Values and Justice as Predictors of Perceived Stress in Lebanese Organisational Settings’, Applied Psychology, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 1-19. Fischer, R Poortinga, Y 2012, ‘Are cultural values the same as the values of individuals? An examination of similarities in personal, social, and cultural value structures’, International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 157-170. Gopalan, S Stahl, A 1998, ‘Application of American Management Theories and Practices to the Indian Business Environment: Understanding the Impact of National Culture’, American Business Review, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 30-41. Hofstede, G 1993 ‘Cultural constraints in management theories’, Academy of Management Executive, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 81-94. Jackson, T 2011, ‘Journal of Organizational Change Management Emerald Article: From cultural values to cross-cultural interfaces: Hofstede goes to Africa’, Journal of Organizational Change Management, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 532-558. Judge, W 2001, ‘Is a Leader’s Character Culture-Bound or Culture-Free? An Empirical Comparison of the Character Traits of American and Taiwanese CEOs’, Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 65-80. ‘Indirect communication and indirect leadership in Asia’ 2001, GlobThink, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1-4. Levy, O, Taylor, S Boyacigiller, N 2010, Global expansion dilutes winning corporate Cultures, http://www.financialpost.com/Global+expansion+dilutes+winning+corporate+cultures/3459637/story.html. Kalliny, M, Cruthirds, K, Minor, M 2006, ‘Differences between American, Egyp tian and Lebanese Humor Styles Implications for International Management’, International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 121-134. Kandola, B 2008, â€Å"Understanding cultural differences in global organizations’, Cultural Intelligence, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 37-38. Kreiser, P, Marino, L, Dickson, P 2010, ‘Cultural Influences on Entrepreneurial Orientation: The Impact of National Culture on Risk Taking and Proactiveness in SMEs’, ETP, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 959-983. McSweeney, B 2002, ‘Hofstede’s model of national cultural differences and their consequences: Atriumph of faith – a failure of analysis’, Human Relations, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 89-118. Osland, J Bird, A 2000, ‘Beyond sophisticated stereotyping: Cultural sense-making in context’, Academy of Management Executives, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 65-77. Schwartz, S 1994, ‘Are There Universal Aspects in the Structure and Contents of Human Values? ’, Journal of Social Issues, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 19-45. Thomas, D 2008, Cross-Cultural Management: Essential Concepts, SAGE Publications, New York. This report on What are Cultural Differences in Management? was written and submitted by user DeaconFrost to help you with your own studies. 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